La Certificación Forestal es un proceso de evaluación, realizado por una tercera parte independiente, al que se somete de forma voluntaria una superficie forestal o empresa forestal para verificar que los productos adquiridos, como madera y papel, provienen de un bosque gestionado de modo sostenible.
Esta certificación forestal, y el etiquetado asociado, es una manera de informar a los consumidores sobre la sostenibilidad de los bosques. Existen dos tipos de certificación forestal:
- Certificación de Gestión Forestal, en la que se certifica el origen de la materia prima forestal (semilla/planta) y la gestión sostenible del bosque.
- Certificación de Cadena de Custodia, donde se certifica la trazabilidad de la materia prima a lo largo de la cadena de la madera. Se evalúa la línea de producción forestal, desde el bosque hasta el producto final, para verificar que la madera utilizada procede un bosque bien gestionado.
Los dos estándares más utilizados en la certificación forestal son FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) y el Sistema de Certificación Forestal PEFC (Programme for the Endorsment of Forest Certification).
FSC: el objetivo principal del FSC es promover una gestión forestal ambientalmente responsable, socialmente beneficiosa y económicamente viable para los bosques de todo el mundo. Es una organización independiente, no gubernamental y sin ánimo de lucro, y es apoyada por las principales ONG sociales y ambientales.
PEFC: esta entidad fija objetivos vinculados a la conservación del ambiente, mejora de la productividad y promoción del desarrollo socioeconómico en el entorno rural. También es una organización sin ánimo de lucro que nace a partir de una iniciativa voluntaria del sector forestal privado.
Que un producto cuente con el sello PEFC o FSC garantiza al cliente que la materia prima con la que está fabricado proviene de bosques gestionados de manera sostenible.
Aunque se trata de herramientas que persiguen un mismo fin, existen algunas diferencias entre ellas.
Tanto PEFC como FSC son normas que están orientadas específicamente a productores de papel, al sector de las artes gráficas, a productos derivados del corcho, aserraderos, carpinterías, fabricantes de mobiliario urbano y de interior, importadores, almacenistas, distribuidores, a entidades públicas o privadas y a personas físicas que posean plantaciones intensivas, áreas de aprovechamiento silvopastoral, ecosistemas mediterráneos, bosque atlántico y de alta montaña y a los distintos regímenes de propiedad existentes: particular, pequeñas y grandes superficies, montes comunales y montes públicos.
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